Benchmarks

Performance of Terrarium.jl across architectures and resolutions. This page is generated at documentation-build time from benchmark/assets/benchmark_results.json, which is updated by benchmark/manual_benchmarking.jl. Running the benchmark on another architecture adds a series to each figure, a column to the overview table, and a section to the bottom of this page.

Every configuration runs for a fixed number of time steps without output. Initialization and - under Reactant - XLA compilation happen before the clock starts and are reported separately; the timed section covers only the stepping loop. A run is timed once and takes a few seconds, so treat the numbers as indicative: ±20% between repetitions is normal.

The benchmark grids are full Gaussian grids in which every point is an active land column (i.e. a. rock planet configuration), so a real land–sea mask at the same resolution has roughly a third as many columns. The model configurations themselves are defined in benchmark/model_configurations.jl.

Scaling with resolution

land scaling across architectures

land_no_vegetation scaling across architectures

soil scaling across architectures

soil_heat scaling across architectures

Overview: SYPD across architectures

Simulated years per wallclock day for each configuration and resolution. — means the architecture has not been benchmarked yet, skipped that resolution, or could not run that configuration; the per-architecture sections below say which.

Configuration	Columns	cpu-arm	cpu-x86	gpu-nvidia	reactant-cpu-arm	reactant-cpu-x86	reactant-gpu
`land`	128	334	247	2022	18311	16761	47766
`land`	512	114	66	2093	5563	4272	8877
`land`	2048	31	17	2101	1717	1833	8368
`land`	4608	4.12	7.52	2100	852	822	7748
`land`	8192	7.87	4.2	2052	390	422	7384
`land`	18432	3.25	1.86	2001	208	194	5508
`land`	41472	1.51	0.82	1827	87	84	3946
`land`	73728	0.77	0.46	1429	36	52	2757
`land`	165888	0.39	0.2	762	8.17	24	1450
`land_no_vegetation`	128	428	266	3482	15876	13850	50896
`land_no_vegetation`	512	136	68	3455	2342	4704	9771
`land_no_vegetation`	2048	33	17	3434	1538	1637	9129
`land_no_vegetation`	4608	16	7.53	3394	708	616	8330
`land_no_vegetation`	8192	8.17	4.19	3314	337	475	7672
`land_no_vegetation`	18432	3.75	1.87	3277	238	229	5727
`land_no_vegetation`	41472	1.68	0.85	2357	101	85	4337
`land_no_vegetation`	73728	0.92	0.47	1578	43	55	2888
`land_no_vegetation`	165888	0.41	0.21	805	19	27	1550
`soil`	128	—	1143	28498	—	—	—
`soil`	512	—	285	27336	—	—	—
`soil`	2048	—	71	26486	—	—	—
`soil`	4608	—	32	24082	—	—	—
`soil`	8192	—	18	21642	—	—	—
`soil`	18432	—	7.81	16332	—	—	—
`soil`	41472	—	3.46	10951	—	—	—
`soil`	73728	—	1.94	7135	—	—	—
`soil`	165888	—	0.86	3467	—	—	—
`soil_heat`	128	1011	898	96056	170034	159726	155936
`soil_heat`	512	265	224	95010	42299	14526	163367
`soil_heat`	2048	65	56	90644	8078	10623	118920
`soil_heat`	4608	27	25	72173	9025	3541	83290
`soil_heat`	8192	14	14	60059	1978	1648	39899
`soil_heat`	18432	6.75	6.23	38700	668	673	28231
`soil_heat`	41472	3.17	2.76	21116	374	383	12236
`soil_heat`	73728	1.86	1.56	12173	151	186	8601
`soil_heat`	165888	0.74	0.69	5716	73	86	5386

Architecture: `cpu-arm`

Created for Terrarium.jl v0.1.7 on Wed, 07 Oct 2026 14:14:59 in default mode (1x time steps, timed once, 1 Julia thread(s)).

Machine details — cpu-arm

julia> versioninfo()
Julia Version 1.12.6
Commit 15346901f00 (2026-04-09 19:20 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org release
Platform Info:
  OS: macOS (arm64-apple-darwin24.0.0)
  CPU: 8 × Apple M3
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-18.1.7 (ORCJIT, apple-m3)
  GC: Built with stock GC
Threads: 1 default, 1 interactive, 1 GC (on 4 virtual cores)
Environment:
  JULIA_NUM_PRECOMPILE_TASKS = 2

Model configurations, default resolution — cpu-arm

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	3.75°	4608	600	217	4.1	400	0.345	6.86 MiB
landnovegetation	3.75°	4608	600	217	15	106	1.3	5.76 MiB
soil_heat	3.75°	4608	600	217	30	54.7	2.53	3.85 MiB

Land model, horizontal resolution — cpu-arm

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	22.50°	128	600	2000	334	4.92	0.78	204.14 KiB
land	11.25°	512	600	1953	114	14.4	1.07	789.14 KiB
land	5.62°	2048	600	488	31	53.3	1.15	3.06 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	600	217	4.12	399	0.347	6.86 MiB
land	2.81°	8192	600	122	7.87	209	1.18	12.20 MiB
land	1.88°	18432	600	54	3.25	505	1.09	27.43 MiB
land	1.25°	41472	600	24	1.51	1090	1.14	61.71 MiB
land	0.94°	73728	600	20	0.77	2150	1.03	109.70 MiB
land	0.62°	165888	600	20	0.39	4170	1.19	246.81 MiB

Land model without vegetation, horizontal resolution — cpu-arm

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
landnovegetation	22.50°	128	600	2000	428	3.84	1	171.16 KiB
landnovegetation	11.25°	512	600	1953	136	12.1	1.27	661.66 KiB
landnovegetation	5.62°	2048	600	488	33	49.4	1.24	2.56 MiB
landnovegetation	3.75°	4608	600	217	16	106	1.31	5.76 MiB
landnovegetation	2.81°	8192	600	122	8.17	201	1.22	10.23 MiB
landnovegetation	1.88°	18432	600	54	3.75	438	1.26	23.00 MiB
landnovegetation	1.25°	41472	600	24	1.68	977	1.27	51.74 MiB
landnovegetation	0.94°	73728	600	20	0.92	1780	1.24	91.98 MiB
landnovegetation	0.62°	165888	600	20	0.41	4000	1.25	206.94 MiB

Soil heat conduction, horizontal resolution — cpu-arm

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
soil_heat	22.50°	128	600	2000	1011	1.63	2.36	114.63 KiB
soil_heat	11.25°	512	600	1953	265	6.21	2.48	443.13 KiB
soil_heat	5.62°	2048	600	488	65	25.4	2.42	1.72 MiB
soil_heat	3.75°	4608	600	217	27	60.9	2.27	3.85 MiB
soil_heat	2.81°	8192	600	122	14	118	2.08	6.85 MiB
soil_heat	1.88°	18432	600	54	6.75	243	2.27	15.40 MiB
soil_heat	1.25°	41472	600	24	3.17	519	2.4	34.65 MiB
soil_heat	0.94°	73728	600	20	1.86	884	2.5	61.60 MiB
soil_heat	0.62°	165888	600	20	0.74	2220	2.24	138.59 MiB

Number of soil layers — cpu-arm

Configuration	Res	Columns	L	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	3.75°	4608	10	600	651	32	51.4	0.896	3.70 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	20	600	326	20	83	1.11	5.28 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	30	600	217	3.93	418	0.331	6.86 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	60	600	109	5.82	282	0.98	11.62 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	100	600	65	4.03	407	1.13	17.95 MiB

Number format, Float32 vs Float64 — cpu-arm

Configuration	NF	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	Float32	3.75°	4608	600	217	3.86	426	0.325	6.86 MiB
land	Float64	3.75°	4608	600	217	10	159	0.87	13.73 MiB

Time stepper — cpu-arm

Configuration	Variant	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	ForwardEuler	3.75°	4608	600	217	3.84	428	0.323	6.86 MiB
land	Heun	3.75°	4608	600	217	1.85	890	0.155	6.86 MiB

Architecture: `cpu-x86`

Created for Terrarium.jl v0.1.11-DEV on Fri, 13 Nov 2026 05:21:58 in default mode (1.0x time steps, median of 5 repetitions, 1 Julia thread(s)).

Machine details — cpu-x86

julia> versioninfo()
Julia Version 1.12.7
Commit 6d172b025e4 (2026-08-15 08:05 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org release
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
  CPU: 128 × AMD EPYC 9554 64-Core Processor
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-18.1.7 (ORCJIT, znver4)
  GC: Built with stock GC
Threads: 1 default, 0 interactive, 1 GC (on 128 virtual cores)
Environment:
  LD_LIBRARY_PATH = /usr/local/lib:/p/system/packages_rhel9/tools/socat/1.8.1.1/lib64:/p/system/packages_rhel9/tools/socat/1.8.1.1/lib:/usr/local/lib::

CPU affinity of the benchmark process: 0-127; OS threads at the end of the run: 65.

Compile-order check: first models stepped in the process — cpu-x86

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	45.00°	32	900	200	856	2.88	76%	0.334	63.68 KiB
landnovegetation	45.00°	32	900	200	967	2.55	3%	0.377	54.48 KiB
soil	45.00°	32	3600	200	4674	2.11	12%	0.455	48.69 KiB
soil_heat	45.00°	32	600	200	3581	0.459	0%	2.09	32.51 KiB

Model configurations, default resolution — cpu-x86

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	3.75°	4608	900	217	7.67	321	1%	0.43	7.55 MiB
landnovegetation	3.75°	4608	900	217	7.8	316	1%	0.438	6.46 MiB
soil	3.75°	4608	3600	217	33	303	0%	0.457	5.77 MiB
soil_heat	3.75°	4608	600	217	25	65.9	0%	2.1	3.85 MiB

Land model, horizontal resolution — cpu-x86

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	22.50°	128	900	2000	247	9.98	4%	0.385	224.55 KiB
land	11.25°	512	900	1953	66	37.1	1%	0.414	868.05 KiB
land	5.62°	2048	900	488	17	146	1%	0.42	3.36 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	900	217	7.52	328	1%	0.422	7.55 MiB
land	2.81°	8192	900	122	4.2	587	1%	0.419	13.42 MiB
land	1.88°	18432	900	54	1.86	1330	1%	0.417	30.17 MiB
land	1.25°	41472	900	24	0.82	3000	1%	0.415	67.88 MiB
land	0.94°	73728	900	20	0.46	5410	1%	0.409	120.67 MiB
land	0.62°	165888	900	20	0.2	12300	1%	0.406	271.49 MiB

Land model without vegetation, horizontal resolution — cpu-x86

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
landnovegetation	22.50°	128	900	2000	266	9.27	1%	0.414	192.10 KiB
landnovegetation	11.25°	512	900	1953	68	36.4	1%	0.422	742.60 KiB
landnovegetation	5.62°	2048	900	488	17	147	1%	0.417	2.88 MiB
landnovegetation	3.75°	4608	900	217	7.53	327	1%	0.423	6.46 MiB
landnovegetation	2.81°	8192	900	122	4.19	589	1%	0.418	11.48 MiB
landnovegetation	1.88°	18432	900	54	1.87	1320	1%	0.42	25.81 MiB
landnovegetation	1.25°	41472	900	24	0.85	2910	0%	0.428	58.07 MiB
landnovegetation	0.94°	73728	900	20	0.47	5250	1%	0.421	103.23 MiB
landnovegetation	0.62°	165888	900	20	0.21	12000	1%	0.416	232.25 MiB

Soil heat conduction, horizontal resolution — cpu-x86

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
soil_heat	22.50°	128	600	2000	898	1.83	0%	2.1	114.63 KiB
soil_heat	11.25°	512	600	1953	224	7.33	0%	2.1	443.13 KiB
soil_heat	5.62°	2048	600	488	56	29.3	0%	2.1	1.72 MiB
soil_heat	3.75°	4608	600	217	25	65.9	0%	2.1	3.85 MiB
soil_heat	2.81°	8192	600	122	14	117	0%	2.1	6.85 MiB
soil_heat	1.88°	18432	600	54	6.23	264	0%	2.1	15.40 MiB
soil_heat	1.25°	41472	600	24	2.76	594	0%	2.09	34.65 MiB
soil_heat	0.94°	73728	600	20	1.56	1060	0%	2.1	61.60 MiB
soil_heat	0.62°	165888	600	20	0.69	2370	0%	2.1	138.59 MiB

Soil model with Richards flow, horizontal resolution — cpu-x86

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
soil	22.50°	128	3600	2000	1143	8.62	1%	0.445	171.69 KiB
soil	11.25°	512	3600	1953	285	34.5	1%	0.445	663.69 KiB
soil	5.62°	2048	3600	488	71	139	0%	0.443	2.57 MiB
soil	3.75°	4608	3600	217	32	311	1%	0.445	5.77 MiB
soil	2.81°	8192	3600	122	18	553	0%	0.445	10.26 MiB
soil	1.88°	18432	3600	54	7.81	1260	1%	0.438	23.07 MiB
soil	1.25°	41472	3600	24	3.46	2850	0%	0.437	51.90 MiB
soil	0.94°	73728	3600	20	1.94	5080	1%	0.435	92.26 MiB
soil	0.62°	165888	3600	20	0.86	11500	0%	0.434	207.57 MiB

Number of soil layers — cpu-x86

Configuration	Res	Columns	L	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	3.75°	4608	10	900	651	20	123	1%	0.375	4.03 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	20	900	326	11	233	1%	0.395	5.79 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	30	900	217	7.21	342	1%	0.405	7.55 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	60	900	109	3.76	656	2%	0.422	12.83 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	100	900	65	2.27	1090	2%	0.424	19.87 MiB

Number format, Float32 vs Float64 — cpu-x86

Configuration	NF	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	Float32	3.75°	4608	900	217	7.36	335	1%	0.413	7.55 MiB
land	Float64	3.75°	4608	900	217	6.15	401	1%	0.345	15.10 MiB

Time stepper — cpu-x86

Configuration	Variant	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	IMEX(ForwardEuler, BackwardEuler)	3.75°	4608	900	217	7.38	334	1%	0.414	7.55 MiB
land	IMEX(Heun, BackwardEuler)	3.75°	4608	900	217	5.6	440	0%	0.314	7.55 MiB

Compile-order check: the same models at the end of the run — cpu-x86

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	45.00°	32	900	200	860	2.87	16%	0.335	63.68 KiB
landnovegetation	45.00°	32	900	200	987	2.5	4%	0.385	54.48 KiB
soil	45.00°	32	3600	200	4373	2.25	12%	0.426	48.69 KiB
soil_heat	45.00°	32	600	200	3580	0.459	0%	2.09	32.51 KiB

Architecture: `gpu-nvidia`

Created for Terrarium.jl v0.1.11-DEV on Thu, 12 Nov 2026 23:56:36 in default mode (1.0x time steps, median of 5 repetitions, 1 Julia thread(s)).

Machine details — gpu-nvidia

julia> versioninfo()
Julia Version 1.12.7
Commit 6d172b025e4 (2026-08-15 08:05 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org release
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
  CPU: 128 × AMD EPYC 9554 64-Core Processor
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-18.1.7 (ORCJIT, znver4)
  GC: Built with stock GC
Threads: 1 default, 0 interactive, 1 GC (on 128 virtual cores)
Environment:
  LD_LIBRARY_PATH = /usr/local/lib:/p/system/packages_rhel9/tools/socat/1.8.1.1/lib64:/p/system/packages_rhel9/tools/socat/1.8.1.1/lib:/usr/local/lib::

julia> CUDA.versioninfo()
CUDA toolchain: 
- runtime 13.4.0, artifact installation
- driver 580.126.9 for CUDA 13.5, forward-compatible
- compiler 13.5.37, artifact installation

CUDA libraries: 
- cuBLAS: 13.8.0
- cuSPARSE: 12.8.6
- cuSOLVER: 12.3.5
- cuFFT: 12.4.0
- cuRAND: 10.4.4
- CUPTI: 2026.3.1 (API 13.4.1)
- NVML: 13.0.0+580.126.9

Julia packages: 
- CUDACore: 6.4.1
- GPUArrays: 11.5.16
- GPUCompiler: 2.10.0
- KernelAbstractions: 0.9.46
- CUDA_Driver_jll: 13.5.0+0
- CUDA_Compiler_jll: 0.6.5+0
- CUDA_Runtime_jll: 0.25.0+3
- NVPTX_LLVM_Backend_jll: 23.1.2+2

Toolchain:
- Julia: 1.12.7
- LLVM: 18.1.7

4 devices:
  0: NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3 (sm_90, 76.708 GiB / 79.647 GiB available)
     compiles to sm_90a / PTX 9.4 (LLVM: sm_90a / PTX 9.2)
  1: NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3 (sm_90, 79.175 GiB / 79.647 GiB available)
     compiles to sm_90a / PTX 9.4 (LLVM: sm_90a / PTX 9.2)
  2: NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3 (sm_90, 79.175 GiB / 79.647 GiB available)
     compiles to sm_90a / PTX 9.4 (LLVM: sm_90a / PTX 9.2)
  3: NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3 (sm_90, 79.175 GiB / 79.647 GiB available)
     compiles to sm_90a / PTX 9.4 (LLVM: sm_90a / PTX 9.2)

CPU affinity of the benchmark process: 0-127; OS threads at the end of the run: 69.

Compile-order check: first models stepped in the process — gpu-nvidia

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	45.00°	32	900	200	2148	1.15	3%	0.837	63.68 KiB
landnovegetation	45.00°	32	900	200	3497	0.705	3%	1.36	54.48 KiB
soil	45.00°	32	3600	200	28086	0.351	0%	2.74	48.69 KiB
soil_heat	45.00°	32	600	200	94845	0.0173	2%	55.4	32.51 KiB

Model configurations, default resolution — gpu-nvidia

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	3.75°	4608	900	217	2035	1.21	15%	114	7.55 MiB
landnovegetation	3.75°	4608	900	217	3340	0.738	13%	187	6.46 MiB
soil	3.75°	4608	3600	217	24058	0.41	0%	337	5.77 MiB
soil_heat	3.75°	4608	600	217	72425	0.0227	1%	6090	3.85 MiB

Land model, horizontal resolution — gpu-nvidia

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	22.50°	128	900	2000	2022	1.22	1%	3.15	224.55 KiB
land	11.25°	512	900	1953	2093	1.18	1%	13	868.05 KiB
land	5.62°	2048	900	488	2101	1.17	157%	52.4	3.36 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	900	217	2100	1.17	6%	118	7.55 MiB
land	2.81°	8192	900	122	2052	1.2	16%	205	13.42 MiB
land	1.88°	18432	900	54	2001	1.23	69%	449	30.17 MiB
land	1.25°	41472	900	24	1827	1.35	48%	922	67.88 MiB
land	0.94°	73728	900	20	1429	1.72	18%	1280	120.67 MiB
land	0.62°	165888	900	20	762	3.24	161%	1540	271.49 MiB

Land model without vegetation, horizontal resolution — gpu-nvidia

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
landnovegetation	22.50°	128	900	2000	3482	0.708	4%	5.43	192.10 KiB
landnovegetation	11.25°	512	900	1953	3455	0.713	5%	21.5	742.60 KiB
landnovegetation	5.62°	2048	900	488	3434	0.718	37%	85.6	2.88 MiB
landnovegetation	3.75°	4608	900	217	3394	0.726	20%	190	6.46 MiB
landnovegetation	2.81°	8192	900	122	3314	0.743	66%	331	11.48 MiB
landnovegetation	1.88°	18432	900	54	3277	0.752	13%	735	25.81 MiB
landnovegetation	1.25°	41472	900	24	2357	1.05	145%	1190	58.07 MiB
landnovegetation	0.94°	73728	900	20	1578	1.56	84%	1420	103.23 MiB
landnovegetation	0.62°	165888	900	20	805	3.06	0%	1630	232.25 MiB

Soil heat conduction, horizontal resolution — gpu-nvidia

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
soil_heat	22.50°	128	600	2000	96056	0.0171	200%	225	114.63 KiB
soil_heat	11.25°	512	600	1953	95010	0.0173	7%	888	443.13 KiB
soil_heat	5.62°	2048	600	488	90644	0.0181	1%	3390	1.72 MiB
soil_heat	3.75°	4608	600	217	72173	0.0228	0%	6070	3.85 MiB
soil_heat	2.81°	8192	600	122	60059	0.0274	0%	8990	6.85 MiB
soil_heat	1.88°	18432	600	54	38700	0.0424	1%	13000	15.40 MiB
soil_heat	1.25°	41472	600	24	21116	0.0778	2%	16000	34.65 MiB
soil_heat	0.94°	73728	600	20	12173	0.135	0%	16400	61.60 MiB
soil_heat	0.62°	165888	600	20	5716	0.287	0%	17300	138.59 MiB

Soil model with Richards flow, horizontal resolution — gpu-nvidia

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
soil	22.50°	128	3600	2000	28498	0.346	132%	11.1	171.69 KiB
soil	11.25°	512	3600	1953	27336	0.361	11%	42.6	663.69 KiB
soil	5.62°	2048	3600	488	26486	0.372	0%	165	2.57 MiB
soil	3.75°	4608	3600	217	24082	0.409	39%	338	5.77 MiB
soil	2.81°	8192	3600	122	21642	0.455	0%	540	10.26 MiB
soil	1.88°	18432	3600	54	16332	0.603	0%	916	23.07 MiB
soil	1.25°	41472	3600	24	10951	0.9	0%	1380	51.90 MiB
soil	0.94°	73728	3600	20	7135	1.38	0%	1600	92.26 MiB
soil	0.62°	165888	3600	20	3467	2.84	0%	1750	207.57 MiB

Number of soil layers — gpu-nvidia

Configuration	Res	Columns	L	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	3.75°	4608	10	900	651	2017	1.22	6%	37.7	4.03 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	20	900	326	1987	1.24	9%	74.3	5.79 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	30	900	217	2039	1.21	15%	114	7.55 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	60	900	109	1964	1.25	14%	220	12.83 MiB
land	3.75°	4608	100	900	65	1658	1.49	98%	310	19.87 MiB

Number format, Float32 vs Float64 — gpu-nvidia

Configuration	NF	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	Float32	3.75°	4608	900	217	2016	1.22	5%	113	7.55 MiB
land	Float64	3.75°	4608	900	217	1783	1.38	6%	100	15.10 MiB

Time stepper — gpu-nvidia

Configuration	Variant	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	IMEX(ForwardEuler, BackwardEuler)	3.75°	4608	900	217	2041	1.21	8%	115	7.55 MiB
land	IMEX(Heun, BackwardEuler)	3.75°	4608	900	217	915	2.69	19%	51.4	7.55 MiB

Compile-order check: the same models at the end of the run — gpu-nvidia

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Spread	Mcell-steps/s	Memory
land	45.00°	32	900	200	2053	1.2	25%	0.8	63.68 KiB
landnovegetation	45.00°	32	900	200	3384	0.728	1%	1.32	54.48 KiB
soil	45.00°	32	3600	200	28307	0.348	0%	2.76	48.69 KiB
soil_heat	45.00°	32	600	200	93787	0.0175	1%	54.8	32.51 KiB

Architecture: `reactant-cpu-arm`

Created for Terrarium.jl v0.1.7 on Wed, 07 Oct 2026 19:20:44 in default mode (1x time steps, timed once, 1 Julia thread(s)).

Machine details — reactant-cpu-arm

julia> versioninfo()
Julia Version 1.12.6
Commit 15346901f00 (2026-04-09 19:20 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org release
Platform Info:
  OS: macOS (arm64-apple-darwin24.0.0)
  CPU: 8 × Apple M3
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-18.1.7 (ORCJIT, apple-m3)
  GC: Built with stock GC
Threads: 1 default, 1 interactive, 1 GC (on 4 virtual cores)
Environment:
  JULIA_NUM_PRECOMPILE_TASKS = 2

Reactant backend: cpu (selected with Reactant.set_default_backend("cpu")).

Model configurations, default resolution — reactant-cpu-arm

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	3.75°	4608	600	217	768	2.14	64.6	6.86 MiB	557.8 s
landnovegetation	3.75°	4608	600	217	765	2.15	64.4	5.76 MiB	182.8 s
soil_heat	3.75°	4608	600	217	3512	0.468	296	3.85 MiB	15.7 s

Land model, horizontal resolution — reactant-cpu-arm

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	22.50°	128	600	2000	18311	0.0897	42.8	204.14 KiB	523.0 s
land	11.25°	512	600	1953	5563	0.295	52	789.14 KiB	507.6 s
land	5.62°	2048	600	488	1717	0.957	64.2	3.06 MiB	506.1 s
land	3.75°	4608	600	217	852	1.93	71.7	6.86 MiB	15.2 s
land	2.81°	8192	600	122	390	4.22	58.3	12.20 MiB	535.8 s
land	1.88°	18432	600	54	208	7.91	69.9	27.43 MiB	549.7 s
land	1.25°	41472	600	24	87	19	65.6	61.71 MiB	606.0 s
land	0.94°	73728	600	20	36	45.3	48.9	109.70 MiB	756.0 s
land	0.62°	165888	600	20	8.17	201	24.8	246.81 MiB	928.5 s

Land model without vegetation, horizontal resolution — reactant-cpu-arm

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
landnovegetation	22.50°	128	600	2000	15876	0.103	37.1	171.16 KiB	167.4 s
landnovegetation	11.25°	512	600	1953	2342	0.701	21.9	661.66 KiB	245.0 s
landnovegetation	5.62°	2048	600	488	1538	1.07	57.5	2.56 MiB	286.0 s
landnovegetation	3.75°	4608	600	217	708	2.32	59.6	5.76 MiB	15.4 s
landnovegetation	2.81°	8192	600	122	337	4.88	50.4	10.23 MiB	247.0 s
landnovegetation	1.88°	18432	600	54	238	6.9	80.2	23.00 MiB	280.8 s
landnovegetation	1.25°	41472	600	24	101	16.3	76.5	51.74 MiB	238.3 s
landnovegetation	0.94°	73728	600	20	43	38.4	57.6	91.98 MiB	277.7 s
landnovegetation	0.62°	165888	600	20	19	87	57.2	206.94 MiB	366.8 s

Soil heat conduction, horizontal resolution — reactant-cpu-arm

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
soil_heat	22.50°	128	600	2000	170034	0.00966	397	114.63 KiB	12.8 s
soil_heat	11.25°	512	600	1953	42299	0.0388	396	443.13 KiB	16.4 s
soil_heat	5.62°	2048	600	488	8078	0.203	302	1.72 MiB	13.9 s
soil_heat	3.75°	4608	600	217	9025	0.182	759	3.85 MiB	1.6 s
soil_heat	2.81°	8192	600	122	1978	0.83	296	6.85 MiB	15.1 s
soil_heat	1.88°	18432	600	54	668	2.46	225	15.40 MiB	17.7 s
soil_heat	1.25°	41472	600	24	374	4.4	283	34.65 MiB	23.0 s
soil_heat	0.94°	73728	600	20	151	10.9	203	61.60 MiB	29.0 s
soil_heat	0.62°	165888	600	20	73	22.4	222	138.59 MiB	48.7 s

Number of soil layers — reactant-cpu-arm

Configuration	Res	Columns	L	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	3.75°	4608	10	600	651	1796	0.915	50.4	3.70 MiB	513.3 s
land	3.75°	4608	20	600	326	1372	1.2	76.9	5.28 MiB	512.4 s
land	3.75°	4608	30	600	217	981	1.67	82.6	6.86 MiB	18.3 s
land	3.75°	4608	60	600	109	483	3.4	81.3	11.62 MiB	519.5 s
land	3.75°	4608	100	600	65	315	5.22	88.3	17.95 MiB	517.9 s

Number format, Float32 vs Float64 — reactant-cpu-arm

Configuration	NF	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	Float32	3.75°	4608	600	217	546	3.01	46	6.86 MiB	17.5 s
land	Float64	3.75°	4608	600	217	567	2.9	47.7	13.73 MiB	428.9 s

Time stepper — reactant-cpu-arm

Configuration	Variant	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile	Status
land	ForwardEuler	3.75°	4608	600	217	962	1.71	81	6.86 MiB	16.1 s	ok
land	Heun	3.75°	4608	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	failed: TypeError

Architecture: `reactant-cpu-x86`

Created for Terrarium.jl v0.1.9-DEV on Mon, 12 Oct 2026 19:39:21 in default mode (1x time steps, timed once, 1 Julia thread(s)).

Machine details — reactant-cpu-x86

julia> versioninfo()
Julia Version 1.12.2
Commit ca9b6662be4 (2025-11-20 16:25 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org release
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
  CPU: 128 × AMD EPYC 9554 64-Core Processor
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-18.1.7 (ORCJIT, znver4)
  GC: Built with stock GC
Threads: 1 default, 1 interactive, 1 GC (on 128 virtual cores)
Environment:
  LD_LIBRARY_PATH = /usr/local/lib:/usr/local/lib:

Reactant backend: cpu (selected with Reactant.set_default_backend("cpu")).

Model configurations, default resolution — reactant-cpu-x86

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	3.75°	4608	600	217	726	2.26	61.1	6.86 MiB	978.4 s
landnovegetation	3.75°	4608	600	217	696	2.36	58.5	5.76 MiB	314.3 s
soil_heat	3.75°	4608	600	217	2379	0.691	200	3.85 MiB	18.3 s

Land model, horizontal resolution — reactant-cpu-x86

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	22.50°	128	600	2000	16761	0.098	39.2	204.14 KiB	935.0 s
land	11.25°	512	600	1953	4272	0.385	39.9	789.14 KiB	947.5 s
land	5.62°	2048	600	488	1833	0.896	68.6	3.06 MiB	949.6 s
land	3.75°	4608	600	217	822	2	69.2	6.86 MiB	20.6 s
land	2.81°	8192	600	122	422	3.9	63.1	12.20 MiB	970.8 s
land	1.88°	18432	600	54	194	8.48	65.2	27.43 MiB	1007.0 s
land	1.25°	41472	600	24	84	19.6	63.6	61.71 MiB	1076.6 s
land	0.94°	73728	600	20	52	31.5	70.3	109.70 MiB	1182.5 s
land	0.62°	165888	600	20	24	69.8	71.3	246.81 MiB	1466.7 s

Land model without vegetation, horizontal resolution — reactant-cpu-x86

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
landnovegetation	22.50°	128	600	2000	13850	0.119	32.4	171.16 KiB	304.6 s
landnovegetation	11.25°	512	600	1953	4704	0.349	44	661.66 KiB	305.9 s
landnovegetation	5.62°	2048	600	488	1637	1	61.2	2.56 MiB	308.5 s
landnovegetation	3.75°	4608	600	217	616	2.67	51.8	5.76 MiB	11.9 s
landnovegetation	2.81°	8192	600	122	475	3.46	71	10.23 MiB	319.7 s
landnovegetation	1.88°	18432	600	54	229	7.19	77	23.00 MiB	336.2 s
landnovegetation	1.25°	41472	600	24	85	19.2	64.7	51.74 MiB	377.3 s
landnovegetation	0.94°	73728	600	20	55	30	73.8	91.98 MiB	433.4 s
landnovegetation	0.62°	165888	600	20	27	60.7	82	206.94 MiB	591.1 s

Soil heat conduction, horizontal resolution — reactant-cpu-x86

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
soil_heat	22.50°	128	600	2000	159726	0.0103	373	114.63 KiB	15.7 s
soil_heat	11.25°	512	600	1953	14526	0.113	136	443.13 KiB	15.8 s
soil_heat	5.62°	2048	600	488	10623	0.155	397	1.72 MiB	16.3 s
soil_heat	3.75°	4608	600	217	3541	0.464	298	3.85 MiB	2.2 s
soil_heat	2.81°	8192	600	122	1648	0.997	247	6.85 MiB	18.1 s
soil_heat	1.88°	18432	600	54	673	2.44	227	15.40 MiB	21.3 s
soil_heat	1.25°	41472	600	24	383	4.29	290	34.65 MiB	28.2 s
soil_heat	0.94°	73728	600	20	186	8.84	250	61.60 MiB	38.1 s
soil_heat	0.62°	165888	600	20	86	19.1	260	138.59 MiB	66.4 s

Number of soil layers — reactant-cpu-x86

Configuration	Res	Columns	L	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	3.75°	4608	10	600	651	1800	0.913	50.5	3.70 MiB	967.4 s
land	3.75°	4608	20	600	326	1252	1.31	70.2	5.28 MiB	970.1 s
land	3.75°	4608	30	600	217	863	1.9	72.6	6.86 MiB	21.4 s
land	3.75°	4608	60	600	109	412	3.99	69.3	11.62 MiB	958.1 s
land	3.75°	4608	100	600	65	195	8.41	54.8	17.95 MiB	969.2 s

Number format, Float32 vs Float64 — reactant-cpu-x86

Configuration	NF	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	Float32	3.75°	4608	600	217	684	2.4	57.6	6.86 MiB	21.2 s
land	Float64	3.75°	4608	600	217	547	3	46	13.73 MiB	721.9 s

Time stepper — reactant-cpu-x86

Configuration	Variant	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	ForwardEuler	3.75°	4608	600	217	850	1.93	71.5	6.86 MiB	21.3 s
land	Heun	3.75°	4608	600	217	345	4.77	29	6.86 MiB	636.9 s

Architecture: `reactant-gpu`

Created for Terrarium.jl v0.1.9-DEV on Fri, 09 Oct 2026 21:25:41 in default mode (1x time steps, timed once, 1 Julia thread(s)).

Machine details — reactant-gpu

julia> versioninfo()
Julia Version 1.12.2
Commit ca9b6662be4 (2025-11-20 16:25 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org release
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
  CPU: 128 × AMD EPYC 9554 64-Core Processor
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-18.1.7 (ORCJIT, znver4)
  GC: Built with stock GC
Threads: 1 default, 1 interactive, 1 GC (on 128 virtual cores)
Environment:
  LD_LIBRARY_PATH = /usr/local/lib:/usr/local/lib:

julia> CUDA.versioninfo()
CUDA toolchain: 
- runtime 13.3.0, artifact installation
- driver 580.126.9 for 13.3
- compiler 13.3.33, artifact installation

CUDA libraries: 
- cuBLAS: 13.6.0
- cuSPARSE: 12.8.2
- cuSOLVER: 12.2.6
- cuFFT: 12.3.0
- cuRAND: 10.4.3
- CUPTI: 2026.2.1 (API 13.3.1)
- NVML: 13.0.0+580.126.9

Julia packages: 
- CUDACore: 6.2.2
- GPUArrays: 11.5.16
- GPUCompiler: 1.23.0
- KernelAbstractions: 0.9.44
- CUDA_Driver_jll: 13.3.1+0
- CUDA_Compiler_jll: 0.4.4+1
- CUDA_Runtime_jll: 0.23.0+1
- NVPTX_LLVM_Backend_jll: 22.1.7+1

Toolchain:
- Julia: 1.12.2
- LLVM: 18.1.7

1 device:
  0: NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3 (sm_90, 19.239 GiB / 79.647 GiB available)
     compiles to sm_90a / PTX 9.3 (LLVM: sm_90a / PTX 9.0)

Reactant backend: gpu (selected with Reactant.set_default_backend("gpu")).

Model configurations, default resolution — reactant-gpu

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	3.75°	4608	600	217	8555	0.192	720	6.86 MiB	986.6 s
landnovegetation	3.75°	4608	600	217	8979	0.183	756	5.76 MiB	319.4 s
soil_heat	3.75°	4608	600	217	67258	0.0244	5660	3.85 MiB	18.5 s

Land model, horizontal resolution — reactant-gpu

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	22.50°	128	600	2000	47766	0.0344	112	204.14 KiB	945.3 s
land	11.25°	512	600	1953	8877	0.185	83	789.14 KiB	950.6 s
land	5.62°	2048	600	488	8368	0.196	313	3.06 MiB	962.7 s
land	3.75°	4608	600	217	7748	0.212	652	6.86 MiB	21.9 s
land	2.81°	8192	600	122	7384	0.222	1100	12.20 MiB	981.8 s
land	1.88°	18432	600	54	5508	0.298	1850	27.43 MiB	1020.6 s
land	1.25°	41472	600	24	3946	0.416	2990	61.71 MiB	1092.2 s
land	0.94°	73728	600	20	2757	0.596	3710	109.70 MiB	1198.1 s
land	0.62°	165888	600	20	1450	1.13	4390	246.81 MiB	1489.3 s

Land model without vegetation, horizontal resolution — reactant-gpu

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
landnovegetation	22.50°	128	600	2000	50896	0.0323	119	171.16 KiB	313.2 s
landnovegetation	11.25°	512	600	1953	9771	0.168	91.4	661.66 KiB	313.2 s
landnovegetation	5.62°	2048	600	488	9129	0.18	341	2.56 MiB	315.3 s
landnovegetation	3.75°	4608	600	217	8330	0.197	701	5.76 MiB	13.4 s
landnovegetation	2.81°	8192	600	122	7672	0.214	1150	10.23 MiB	323.1 s
landnovegetation	1.88°	18432	600	54	5727	0.287	1930	23.00 MiB	342.0 s
landnovegetation	1.25°	41472	600	24	4337	0.379	3280	51.74 MiB	385.4 s
landnovegetation	0.94°	73728	600	20	2888	0.569	3890	91.98 MiB	442.7 s
landnovegetation	0.62°	165888	600	20	1550	1.06	4700	206.94 MiB	599.2 s

Soil heat conduction, horizontal resolution — reactant-gpu

Configuration	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
soil_heat	22.50°	128	600	2000	155936	0.0105	365	114.63 KiB	15.7 s
soil_heat	11.25°	512	600	1953	163367	0.0101	1530	443.13 KiB	16.1 s
soil_heat	5.62°	2048	600	488	118920	0.0138	4450	1.72 MiB	16.3 s
soil_heat	3.75°	4608	600	217	83290	0.0197	7010	3.85 MiB	2.2 s
soil_heat	2.81°	8192	600	122	39899	0.0412	5970	6.85 MiB	18.1 s
soil_heat	1.88°	18432	600	54	28231	0.0582	9500	15.40 MiB	21.7 s
soil_heat	1.25°	41472	600	24	12236	0.134	9270	34.65 MiB	28.8 s
soil_heat	0.94°	73728	600	20	8601	0.191	11600	61.60 MiB	39.0 s
soil_heat	0.62°	165888	600	20	5386	0.305	16300	138.59 MiB	67.4 s

Number of soil layers — reactant-gpu

Configuration	Res	Columns	L	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	3.75°	4608	10	600	651	8288	0.198	232	3.70 MiB	953.3 s
land	3.75°	4608	20	600	326	7578	0.217	425	5.28 MiB	969.6 s
land	3.75°	4608	30	600	217	7540	0.218	635	6.86 MiB	23.1 s
land	3.75°	4608	60	600	109	6216	0.264	1050	11.62 MiB	967.1 s
land	3.75°	4608	100	600	65	5491	0.299	1540	17.95 MiB	976.7 s

Number format, Float32 vs Float64 — reactant-gpu

Configuration	NF	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	Float32	3.75°	4608	600	217	7359	0.223	619	6.86 MiB	23.1 s
land	Float64	3.75°	4608	600	217	4894	0.336	412	13.73 MiB	720.4 s

Time stepper — reactant-gpu

Configuration	Variant	Res	Columns	Δt	Steps	SYPD	ms/step	Mcell-steps/s	Memory	Compile
land	ForwardEuler	3.75°	4608	600	217	7234	0.227	609	6.86 MiB	23.3 s
land	Heun	3.75°	4608	600	217	3760	0.437	316	6.86 MiB	628.9 s